From: Dietary manipulation: a sustainable way to mitigate methane emissions from ruminants
Substrate |  | Products | ∆G (KJ)1 | Reactions |
---|---|---|---|---|
VFA production | ||||
 C6H12O6 + 2H2O | → | 2 C2H4O2 + 2 CO2 + 8H+ |  | Acetate production |
 C6H12O6 + 4H+ | → | 2 C3H6O3 + 2 H2O |  | Propionate production |
 C6H12O6 | → | C4H8O4 + 2 CO2 + 4H+ |  | Butyrate production |
Reductive process | ||||
 CO2 + 4H2 | → | CH4 + 2 H2O | − 67.4 | Methane production |
 2 CO2 + 4H2 | → | C2H4O2 + 2 H2O | −8.8 | Reductive acetogenesis |
 SO42− + 4H2 + H+ | → | HS− + 4 H2O | − 84.4 | Sulfate reduction |
 NO3− + 4H2 + 2H+ | → | NH4 + 3 H2O | − 371 | Nitrate reduction |