- Research
- Open Access
Effects of different physical forms of concentrate on performance, carcass characteristics, and economic analysis in hanwoo steers
https://doi.org/10.1186/2055-0391-56-9
© Kim et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
- Received: 25 April 2014
- Accepted: 8 May 2014
- Published: 28 July 2014
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of different forms of concentrate fed to Hanwoo steers on performance, carcass characteristics, and economic performance. Forty-two Hanwoo steers (average age of 5.1 ± 0.8 mo. with body weight of 147.05 ± 10.85 kg) were randomly allotted into FC (animals fed flakes for entire experimental period) and GC (animals fed grounded concentrate during growing and fattening phases followed by flaked concentrate during finishing phase) groups for 758 d after reaching an age of 30.0 ± 0.82 mo. There was no difference in body weight (BW) or ADG between the treatments until fattening (15 ~ 22 mo.) phase. However, by finishing phase (23 ~ 30 mo.), the GC group (739.24 kg BW and 0.67 kg ADG) showed greater (P < 0.05) BW and ADG than the FC group (702.93 kg BW and 0.59 kg ADG). Steers in the GC group also showed greater (P < 0.05) BW and ADG than the FC group throughout the entire experimental period (5 ~ 30 mo.). There was no significant difference in carcass weight or backfat thickness between the treatments. M. Longissimus dorsi area of the GC group (91.00 cm2) was greater (P < 0.05) than that of the FC group (83.59 cm2). Marbling score and percentage of 1++ meat quality grade were 14.0 and 48.0% higher in the GC group compared to the FC group. There was no significant difference in physicochemical characteristics, including moisture and crude protein levels, between the treatments. Gross income per head excluding operating expenses was 59.3% greater in the GC group (1,647,512 won) compared to the FC group (1,034,343 won).
Keywords
- Hanwoo steers
- Flaked concentrate
- Grounded concentrate
- Economic performance
Background
The current trend in feeding systems for Hanwoo steers in Korea involves administration of animal feeds in the form of pellets or flakes rather than as grounded feeds. Pellets are formed by grounding and compressing raw ingredients into the shape of a pellet while flakes are processed using high heat and pressure. Hanwoo steers are fed grain-oriented compound feeds to increase their intake and efficiency[1]. However, production costs of Hanwoo farms are rapidly increasing due to skyrocketing prices of grains and animal feeds. As such, there is increasing demand to fortify the competitiveness of the Hanwoo industry by cutting down on production costs, and the most effective method may be simplifying the entire animal feed process. Processing of feedstuffs increases the gelatinization and digestibility of starch, ultimately improving feed efficiency[2]. Gelatinization of starch can be increased by pelleting and flaking by 35% and 50%, repectively[3, 4]. The range of this processing effect and feed efficiency depend on the type of grain, processing method, origin of feed ingredients, and breeding period of cattle[5, 6]. Therefore, it is necessary to appropriately adjust the processing method of feed with regard to the breeding period of Hanwoo steers. To this end, this study investigated the effects of administration of various physical forms of grain feed during different feeding phases on performance, carcass characteristics, and economic performance in Hanwoo steers, thereby reducing production costs with efficient feed processing methods.
Materials and methods
Experimental animals and design
Feeding regimen of concentrate diet for the entire experiment
Treatment | Phases | ||
---|---|---|---|
Growing1) | Fattening2) | Finishing3) | |
FC | Flaked & pelleted diet | Flaked & pelleted diet | Flaked & pelleted diet |
GC | Ground diet | Ground diet | Flaked & pelleted diet |
Experimental diets
Chemical composition of concentrate diets
Composition | Concentrate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Growing | Fattening | Finishing | ||||
Flaked | Ground | Flaked | Ground | Flaked | Flaked | |
─────────%, as - fed ────────── | ||||||
Moisture | 11.78 ± 0.121) | 11.82 ± 0.05 | 12.67 ± 0.06 | 12.90 ± 0.04 | 12.59 ± 0.09 | 12.59 ± 0.09 |
Crude protein | 16.22 ± 0.01 | 16.33 ± 0.02 | 15.33 ± 0.04 | 15.18 ± 0.03 | 13.26 ± 0.03 | 13.26 ± 0.03 |
Crude fat | 3.06 ± 0.01 | 2.63 ± 0.04 | 3.03 ± 0.03 | 3.19 ± 0.04 | 3.17 ± 0.06 | 3.17 ± 0.06 |
Crude fiber | 11.74 ± 0.25 | 13.13 ± 0.08 | 10.15 ± 0.06 | 10.17 ± 0.10 | 9.24 ± 0.39 | 9.24 ± 0.39 |
Crude ash | 5.44 ± 0.06 | 6.03 ± 0.05 | 4.89 ± 0.02 | 5.04 ± 0.06 | 4.57 ± 0.20 | 4.57 ± 0.20 |
NFE | 51.76 ± 1.61 | 50.06 ± 1.32 | 53.93 ± 1.11 | 53.52 ± 1.46 | 57.17 ± 0.95 | 57.17 ± 0.95 |
Ca | 0.77 ± 0.04 | 0.66 ± 0.01 | 0.59 ± 0.01 | 0.63 ± 0.02 | 0.54 ± 0.06 | 0.54 ± 0.06 |
P | 0.45 ± 0.00 | 0.44 ± 0.00 | 0.40 ± 0.00 | 0.43 ± 0.00 | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 0.41 ± 0.02 |
NDF2) | 29.04 ± 0.36 | 33.54 ± 0.21 | 26.06 ± 0.07 | 25.33 ± 0.07 | 27.85 ± 1.37 | 27.85 ± 1.37 |
ADF3) | 16.18 ± 0.19 | 15.63 ± 0.24 | 14.75 ± 0.10 | 14.34 ± 0.07 | 13.58 ± 0.38 | 13.58 ± 0.38 |
TDN4) | 68.0 | 68.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 72.0 | 72.0 |
Chemical composition of roughages
Composition | Roughages | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Timothy hay | Alfalfa hay | Tall fescue straw | Ryegrass straw | |
─────%, as-fed basis ──── | ||||
Moisture | 8.22 ± 0.071) | 9.64 ± 0.18 | 9.76 ± 0.44 | 7.72 ± 0.04 |
Crude protein | 7.87 ± 0.18 | 17.79 ± 0.16 | 7.06 ± 0.59 | 5.39 ± 0.16 |
Crude fat | 1.89 ± 0.02 | 1.97 ± 0.02 | 0.77 ± 0.00 | 1.10 ± 0.05 |
Crude fiber | 32.77 ± 0.28 | 27.71 ± 0.32 | 32.57 ± 1.63 | 32.34 ± 0.19 |
Crude ash | 6.37 ± 0.12 | 9.20 ± 0.10 | 5.97 ± 0.76 | 5.82 ± 0.07 |
NFE2) | 42.88 ± 0.74 | 33.69 ± 0.97 | 43.87 ± 2.54 | 47.63 ± 0.19 |
Ca | 0.28 ± 0.00 | 1.48 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.36 ± 0.01 |
P | 0.16 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.00 |
NDF3) | 59.99 ± 0.30 | 37.70 ± 0.43 | 59.42 ± 1.93 | 60.88 ± 0.10 |
ADF4) | 34.36 ± 0.23 | 30.71 ± 0.68 | 34.20 ± 1.78 | 34.45 ± 0.15 |
TDN5) | 54.61 | 53.55 | 34.18 | 52.82 |
Physicochemical characteristics and distribution of particle size in flake and grounded corns
Items | Flaked corn | Ground corn |
---|---|---|
Flake thickness1), mm | 3.29 ± 0.042) | ― |
Starch gelatinization3),% | 31.93 ± 1.69 | ― |
Density, g/ℓ | 506.8 ± 2.0 | 693.5 ± 2.5 |
Particle size4),% | ||
Sieve mesh | ||
6 ~ 8 | ― | 36.1 ± 2.8 |
14 ~ 18 | ― | 45.3 ± 4.3 |
25 ~ 40 | ― | 10.9 ± 1.3 |
60 ~ 100 | ― | 6.2 ± 0.6 |
Under 100 | ― | 1.5 ± 0.4 |
Feeding program for Hanwoo steers in the experiment
Fattening phase | Age in mon. | Body weight range (kg) | Daily gain (kg) | Feeding level (body weight,%) | Concentrate fed (kg/hd/d, as-fed basis) | Roughage fed (kg/hd/d, as-fed basis) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Growing | Fattening | Finishing | Timothy hay | Alfalfa hay | Straw | |||||
Growing | 5 | 147 ~ 162 | 0.50 | 0.90 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.5 | |||
6 | 162 ~ 188 | 0.85 | 1.25 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | ||||
7 | 188 ~ 214 | 0.85 | 1.40 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 1.0 | ||||
8 | 214 ~ 241 | 0.90 | 1.50 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 1.0 | ||||
9 | 241 ~ 268 | 0.90 | 1.50 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 1.0 | ||||
10 | 268 ~ 295 | 0.90 | 1.53 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 1.0 | ||||
11 | 295 ~ 322 | 0.90 | 1.55 | 4.6 | 4.0 | 1.0 | ||||
12 | 322 ~ 351 | 0.95 | 1.61 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 0.5 | ||||
13 | 351 ~ 379 | 0.95 | 1.70 | 6.0 | 4.5 | 0.5 | ||||
Fattening | 14 | 379 ~ 408 | 0.95 | 1.84 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 4.5 | |||
15 | 408 ~ 436 | 0.95 | 1.96 | 8.0 | 3.5 | 0.5 | ||||
16 | 436 ~ 466 | 1.00 | 2.06 | 9.0 | 3.0 | |||||
17 | 466 ~ 496 | 1.00 | 2.08 | 9.7 | 3.0 | |||||
18 | 496 ~ 526 | 1.00 | 2.02 | 10.0 | 2.5 | |||||
19 | 526 ~ 553 | 0.90 | 1.90 | 10.0 | 2.3 | |||||
20 | 553 ~ 579 | 0.85 | 1.81 | 10.0 | 2.0 | |||||
21 | 579 ~ 604 | 0.85 | 1.73 | 10.0 | 1.5 | |||||
22 | 604 ~ 628 | 0.80 | 1.66 | 10.0 | 1.5 | |||||
Finishing | 23 | 628 ~ 649 | 0.70 | 1.51 | 9.5 | 1.3 | ||||
24 | 649 ~ 667 | 0.60 | 1.39 | 9.0 | 1.2 | |||||
25 | 667 ~ 682 | 0.50 | 1.35 | 9.0 | 1.2 | |||||
26 | 682 ~ 696 | 0.45 | 1.25 | 8.5 | 1.2 | |||||
27 | 696 ~ 708 | 0.40 | 1.22 | 8.5 | 1.2 | |||||
28 | 708 ~ 718 | 0.35 | 1.13 | 8.0 | 1.2 | |||||
29 | 718 ~ 727 | 0.30 | 1.11 | 8.0 | 1.2 | |||||
30 | 727 ~ 736 | 0.30 | 1.03 | 7.5 | 1.2 |
Feeding management
Each treatment group was placed in a 5.0 m × 10.0 m pen (six animals per pen) and administered the assigned diets twice per day. All animals had ad libitum access to water. Feed intake was recorded every day, and animals were weighed every month throughout the experiment. Animals were cared and managed according to Korean traditional farm regulations.
Meat quality measurement
At the end of the experimental period, animals were fasted for 24 h, weighed, and slaughtered at a commercial abattoir located in Ansung, Kyunggi province, Korea. Carcass measurement were obtained after chilling for 24 h at 4°C. Carcass yield and quality were graded by meat graders using the criteria provided by Livestock Quality Assessment[7].
Evaluation of carcass chemical composition
a. Chemical composition
Chemical composition, including moisture, ash, crude protein, and fat contents, were analyzed according to the AOAC methodology[8]. Moisture content (%) of loin muscle samples (2 g) was measured by homogenizing and drying samples at 105°C in an oven and then measuring weight loss after drying. Total lipids were analyzed by the soxhelt extraction method. Crude protein content was measured by the Kjeldahl method. Briefly, 0.5 g of loin samples was digested at 450°C for 5 h, distilled by addition of 50% NaOH, and titrated with HCL, after which the total protein amount was calculated by multiplying% N by 6.25.
b. Meat color
Meat color, including Hunter L (lightness), a (redness), and b (yellowness), was determined by a Chroma Meter (CR-10, Minolta Corporation, LTD, Japan).
c. Melting point
Melting point was measured by the slip-point method. Briefly, lipids were extracted from meat samples by cutting them into small pieces with a Hanil Mini Cooking Cutter (Hanil electric co. HMC-150 T), homogenization with chloroform and methanol (2:1 v/v) solution, filtration, and then evaporation with nitrogen. Capillary tubes (100 mm, open) were filled to a height of 1 cm from one end and then placed in a freezer (−20°C) until lipids were firm (about 24 h). After removal from the freezer, the capillary tube was place on a warm incubator, and the temperature was increased at a rate of 1°C per min. with stirring until the lipids melted.
Economic analysis
We analyzed the economic values of Hanwoo steers used in this experiment by calculating the average carcass prices at four different slaughter points. Profits from by-products were also considered as economic values. Feed costs for both the concentrate and roughage used in this analysis were applied as the actual purchase price of the farm where this experiment was performed. Costs for purchasing the calves, bedding, medicine, utilities (water and heating), and castration were averaged based on the number of animals used in this experiment.
Statistics
Data was analyzed by t-test of SAS[9]. Probability values less than 0.05% were considered significant. Data of feed intake and feed conversion rate from the breeding group were excluded from the significance test.
Results and discussion
Performance
Body weight and daily gain of Hanwoo steers by treatment
Items | FC1) | GC2) | T-test3) |
---|---|---|---|
No. of heads | 18 | 24 | |
Body weight (kg) | |||
Initial (5 mo) | 146.7 ± 1.35 | 147.4 ± 0.99 | 0.9253 |
Growing (14 mo) | 370.7 ± 1.81 | 374.5 ± 1.22 | 0.6985 |
Fattening (22 mo) | 562.2 ± 2.47 | 575.1 ± 1.90 | 0.2297 |
Finishing (30 mo) | 702.9 ± 2.90 | 739.2 ± 2.67 | 0.0483 |
Average daily gain (kg) | |||
Growing phase | 0.84 ± 0.00 | 0.85 ± 0.00 | 0.6629 |
Fattening phase | 0.77 ± 0.01 | 0.80 ± 0.01 | 0.3220 |
Finishing phase | 0.59 ± 0.00 | 0.67 ± 0.01 | 0.0548 |
Overall period | 0.73 ± 0.00 | 0.78 ± 0.00 | 0.0414 |
Feed intake and feed conversion in Hanwoo steers
Items | FC1) | GC2) |
---|---|---|
Growing phase | ||
Feed intake (kg/head/day) | ||
Concentrate | 3.52 | 3.53 |
Timothy hay | 2.60 | 2.78 |
Alfalfa hay | 0.68 | 0.70 |
Sub-total | 3.28 | 3.48 |
Feed conversion, kg/kg | 8.14 | 8.27 |
Fattening phase | ||
Feed intake (kg/head/day) | ||
Concentrate | 7.91 | 7.89 |
Timothy hay | 1.01 | 0.91 |
Tall fescue straw | 0.80 | 0.99 |
Ryegrass straw | 0.10 | - |
Sub-total | 1.91 | 1.89 |
Feed conversion, kg/kg | 12.83 | 12.19 |
Finishing phase | ||
Feed intake (kg/head/day) | ||
Concentrate | 7.80 | 8.38 |
Tall fescue straw | - | 1.23 |
Ryegrass straw | 1.23 | - |
Sub-total | 1.23 | 1.23 |
Feed conversion, kg/kg | 15.39 | 14.38 |
Overall period | ||
Feed intake (kg/head/day) | ||
Concentrate | 6.32 | 6.50 |
Timothy hay | 1.25 | 1.28 |
Alfalfa hay | 0.24 | 0.25 |
Tall fescue straw | 0.26 | 0.72 |
Ryegrass straw | 0.42 | - |
Sub-total | 2.18 | 2.25 |
Feed conversion, kg/kg | 11.59 | 11.22 |
Carcass characteristics
Effects of physical forms of concentrate on carcass characteristics in Hanwoo steers
Items | FC1) | GC2) | T- test3) |
---|---|---|---|
Yield traits | |||
Cold carcass, kg | 405.94 ± 2.084) | 429.57 ± 1.67 | 0.0542 |
Backfat thickness, mm | 16.88 ± 0.26 | 17.96 ± 0.22 | 0.4892 |
Longissmus muscle area, cm2 | 83.59 ± 0.48 | 91.00 ± 0.44 | 0.0178 |
Yield index | 62.30 ± 0.17 | 61.71 ± 0.14 | 0.5568 |
Yield grade,% | |||
A | 0.05) | 0.0 | |
B | 58.8 | 47.8 | |
C | 41.2 | 52.2 | |
Quality traits | |||
Marbling score6) | 5.88 ± 0.12 | 6.96 ± 0.06 | 0.0650 |
Meat color7) | 4.88 ± 0.02 | 4.65 ± 0.02 | 0.1014 |
Fat color8) | 2.94 ± 0.01 | 2.78 ± 0.02 | 0.1735 |
Texture9) | 1.24 ± 0.03 | 1.04 ± 0.01 | 0.0729 |
Maturity10) | 2.35 ± 0.03 | 2.57 ± 0.02 | 0.1931 |
Quality grade,% | |||
1++ | 29.4 | 43.5 | |
1+ | 29.4 | 43.5 | |
1 | 17.7 | 8.7 | |
2 | 23.5 | 4.3 |
Physicochemical characteristics of carcass
Effects of physical forms of concentrate on physicochemical characteristics of M.longissimus dorsi muscle in Hanwoo steers
Items | FC1) | GC2) | T- test3) |
---|---|---|---|
Moisture,% | 62.91 ± 0.194) | 61.48 ± 0.17 | 0.2246 |
Crude fat,% | 15.90 ± 0.28 | 18.37 ± 0.22 | 0.1240 |
Crude protein,% | 19.35 ± 0.06 | 18.75 ± 0.05 | 0.1058 |
CIE value:5) | |||
L | 40.43 ± 0.10 | 43.35 ± 0.07 | 0.0016 |
a | 23.35 ± 0.06 | 23.81 ± 0.04 | 0.3895 |
b | 11.10 ± 0.03 | 11.77 ± 0.02 | 0.0242 |
chroma | 25.76 ± 0.06 | 26.60 ± 0.05 | 0.1604 |
hue | 25.36 ± 0.04 | 26.60 ± 0.02 | 0.0120 |
Cooking loss,% | 29.79 ± 0.05 | 28.62 ± 0.07 | 0.2096 |
Effects of physical forms of concentrate on melting point of carcass fat in Hanwoo steers
Items | FC1) | GC2) | T- test3) |
---|---|---|---|
Perirenal fat | 38.82 ± 0.054) | 39.49 ± 0.03 | 0.5825 |
Subcutaneous fat | 21.39 ± 0.03 | 20.54 ± 0.02 | 0.3142 |
Intramuscular fat | 26.81 ± 0.05 | 26.02 ± 0.02 | 0.6595 |
Economic analysis
Effects of physical forms of concentrate on profits in Hanwoo steers
Items | FC1) | GC2) |
---|---|---|
Cold carcass, Kg | 405.94 ± 2.083) | 429.57 ± 1.67 |
1. Gross income(A) | ||
Carcass sales4) | 6,036,373.19 | 6,667,053.48 |
By-product sales5) | 332,818 | 341,162 |
Total income | 6,369,191.19 | 7,008,215.48 |
2. Operating cost(B) | ||
Calves | 2,430,952 | 2,430,952 |
Concentrate6) | 1,226,259.2 | 1,226,740.2 |
Roughage7) | 576,954.3 | 593,850.3 |
Butchery expense8) | 227,044 | 235,522 |
Self-help funds | 20,000 | 20,000 |
Miscellaneous expenses9) | 853,638 | 853,638 |
Total cost | 5,334,847.5 | 5,360,702.5 |
3. Profit(A-B) | 1,034,343.69 | 1,647,512.98 |
Conclusion
This study was performed to investigate the effects of different forms of concentrate fed to Hanwoo steers on performance, carcass characteristics, and economic performance. In conclusion, it is plausible that feeding steers grounded concentrate during growing and fattening phases followed by flaked concentrate during finishing phase can improve ADG and feed intake. This feeding strategy increases the profit and productivity Hanwoo steers.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely thank Songchon farmers for their support during this study and for time spent during sampling and examination.
Authors’ Affiliations
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